Introduction Network address translation (NAT) is a gate between local network and the Internet. It translates/rewrites internal IP address to external IP address When packet is sent from interna...

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Checksum includes pseudo header Transport Control Protocol (TCP) Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) There are three ARQ protocols as follows: Stop and Wait prot...

Data switching There are three data switching methods: Circuit switching: 建立连接，独占资源，类似管道。 Message switching: 一次性发送整个报文到相邻节点。 Packet switching: 把报文分割为多个组，分别发送到相邻节点。 Delays in Computer Net...

DNS (Domain Name System) DNS uses port 53 to communicate, and can be implemented by both TCP and UDP. (Usaully UDP) Except when: Secondary name server syncs with primary servers, T...

Introduction There are many kinds of networks, like private, public, reserved, and loopback. Address space IPv4 Private networks include the following addresses: 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 ...

See also https://web.archive.org/web/20211124031525/https://developer.ibm.com/tutorials/l-pam/

Background I’d like to keep track of my mood here in this post. Track 2025-04-21 写计网作业到崩溃。 比如这题: 不看了，上传图片好麻烦。 看这个: 42. (Single Choice) 关于数据报网络和虚电路网络的比较,下面描述正确的是:( ) A 数据报网络可靠性更高 B 虚电路网络更难提供...

中文测试 子标题（二级标题） 其实。。我喜欢你呀。。。 这是个悲伤的故事。 w

Problem Recently, I upgraded my linux kernel to version 6.13.0 and 6.14. But I could see “Nvidia kernel module missing” in both version after reboot. It seemed that I didn’t install corresponding...